长征（红军的成长）/The Long March（四）
"红军现在发动自己的攻势了。1932年它在福建漳州打了一个打仗，占领了这个城市，在南方，红军在南雄进攻了陈济堂，而在蒋介石的路线上，红军猛攻乐安、黎川、建宁和泰宁。它攻打了赣州，但没有占领。从1932年10月起，直到长征西北开始，我本人几乎全部时间处理苏维埃政府工作，军事指挥工作交了个朱德和其他的人。"
"The Red Army now began offensives of its own. In 1932 it fought a great battle at Changchow, in Fukien, and captured the city. In the South it attacked Ch'en Chi-t'ang at Nan Hsiang, and on Chiang Kaishek's front it stormed Lo An,Li Chuan, Chien Ning and T'ai Ning. It attacked but did not occupy Kanchow. From October,1932, onward, and until the beginning of the Long March to the Noverthwest, I myself devoted my time almost exclusively to work with the Soviet Government, leaving the military command to Chu Teh and others."
”1933年4月，南京开始第四次，也许是败得最惨的一次‘围剿’，这一次红军第一仗就把敌两个师解除了武装，俘虏了两个师长，敌第59师被部分消灭，第52师被全部消灭。这一仗是在安乐县的大龙坪和桥汇打的，红军一举就俘获了1.3万敌军。蒋介石最精锐的部队国民党第11师，接着也被消灭，几乎全部被缴械，它的师长受了重伤，这几仗构成了决定性的转折点，第四次‘围剿’随机结束，蒋介石当时写信给他的占地司令官陈诚，说他认为这次失败是他一生中‘最大的耻辱’。陈诚是不赞成搞这种‘围剿’的，他当时对人说，在他看来，同红军作战是一种‘终身职业’，也是一种‘无期徒刑’。这话传到蒋介石那里，他就解除了陈诚的总司令职务。"
"In April, 1933, began the fourth and, for Nanking, perhaps the most disastrous of its 'extermination campaigns'. In the first battle of this period two divisions were disarmed and two divisional commanders were captured. The Fifty-ninth Divison was partly destroyed and the Fifty-second was completely destroyed. Thirteen thousand men were captured in this one battle at Ta Lung P'ing and Chiao Hui in Lo An Hsien. The Kuomintang's Eleventh Division, then Chiang Kai shek's best, was next eliminated ,being almost totally diarmed; its commander was seriously wounded. These engagements proved decisive turning points and the Fourth Campaign soon afterwards ended. Chiang Kai-shek at this time wrote to Ch'en Ch'eng, his field commander, that he considered this defeat 'the greatest humiliation' in his life. Ch'en Ch'eng did not favor pushing the campaign. He told people then that in his opinion fighting the Reds was a 'lifetime job' and a 'life sentence'. Reports of this coming to Chiang Kai-shek, he removed Ch'en Ch'eng from the high command."
“为了他的第五次，也是最后一次‘围剿’，蒋介石动员了将近100万人，而且采取了新的战术和战略，蒋介石根据德国顾问们的建议，在第四次‘围剿’时就已经开始采用堡垒体系。在第五次‘围剿’中，他就完全依赖这个了。”
"For his fifth and last campain, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized nearly one million men and adopted new tactics and strategy. Already, in the Fourth Campaign, Chiang had , on the recommendation of his German advisers, begun the use of the blockhouse and fortifications system. In the Fifth Campaign he placed his entire reliance upon it."
“在这个时期，我们犯了两个重大的错误。其一是1933年福建事变中没有能同蔡廷锴的部队联合。其二是放弃了我们以前的运动战术，而采用错误的单纯防御战略，用阵地战对付占巨大优势的南京军队，是一个严重的错误，因为红军无论在技术上或者在精神上都不适合于阵地战。”
"In this period we made two important errors. The first was the failure to unite with Ts'ai T'ing-k'ai's army in 1933 during the Fukien Rebellion. The second was the adoption of the erroneous strategy of simple defense, abandoning our former tactics of maneuver. It was a serious mistake to meet the vastly superior Nanking forces in positional warfare, at which the Red Army was neither technically nor spirtually at its best."
“由于犯了这些错误，由于蒋介石在‘围剿’中采用新的战术和战略，加上国民党军地在数量上技术上压倒的优势，到了1934年，红军不得不努力去改变它在江西的迅速恶化的处境了。其次，全国的政治形势也促使我们决定将主要的活动场所迁移到西北区，由于日本侵略东北和上海，苏维埃政府早在1932年2月就已经正式对日宣战。但因苏维埃中国遭到国民党军队封锁包围，宣战自然不能生效，接着，苏维埃政府又发表宣言，号召中国所有武装力量组成统一战线，抵抗日本帝国主义。1933年初，苏维埃政府宣布愿在下列基础上同任何白军合作：停止内战，停止进攻苏区和红军；保障民众的公民自由和民主权利；武装人民进行抗日战争。”
"As a result of these mistakes, and the new tactics and strategy of Chiang's campaign, combined with the overwhelming numerical and technical superiority of the Kuomintang forces, the Red Army was obliged, in 1934, to seek to change the conditions of its existence in Kiangsi, which were rapidly becoming more unfavorable. Second, the national political situation influenced the decision to move the scene of main operations to the Northwest. Following Japan's invasion of Manchuria and Shanghai, the Soviet Government had ,as early as February, 1932, formally declared war on Japan. This declaration, which could not , of course, be made effective ,owing to the blockade and enciclement of Soviet China by the Kuomintang troops, had been followed by the issuance of a manifesto calling for a united front of all armed forces in China to resist Japanese imperialism. Early in 1933 the Soviet Goverment announced that it would cooperate with any White army on the basis of cessation of civil war and attacks on the soviets and the Red Army, guarantee of civil liberties and democratic rights to the masses, and arming of the people for an anti-Japanese war."
“第五次‘围剿’于1933年10月开始，1934年1月，在苏维埃首都瑞金召开了第二次中华全国苏维埃代表大会，总结革命的成就，我在会上作了长篇报告，大会选举了中央苏维埃政府——就是现在的这批人员。不久以后，我们就准备长征了，长征开始于1934年10月，在蒋介石发动他的最后一次‘围剿’刚好1年，这一年作战和斗争几乎不断，双方的损失都很大。”
"The Fifth Extermination Campaign began in October, 1933. In January,1934, the Second All-China Congress of Soviets was convened in Juichin, the soviet capital,and a survey of the achievements of revolution took place. Here I gave a long report, and here the Central Soviet Government, as its personnel exists today, was elected. Preparations soon afterwards were made for the Long March. It was begun in October, 1934, just a year after Chiang Kai-shek launched his last campaign---a year of almost constant fighting, struggle and enormous losses on both sides."
“1935年1月，红军主力到达贵州遵义，在随后的4个月，红军几乎不断地行军，并且进行了最有力的战斗。红军经历了无数艰难险阻，横渡中国最长、最深、最湍急的江河，越过一些最高、最险的山口，通过凶猛的土著居民的地区，跋涉荒无人烟的大草地、经手严寒酷暑、风霜雨雪，遭到全中国白军半数的追击——红军通过了所有一切天然障碍物，并且打破了粤、湘、桂、黔、滇、康、川、甘、陕地方军队的堵截，终于在1935年10月到达了陕北，扩大了目前在中国的大西北的根据地。”
"By January, 1935,the main forces of the Red Army reached Tsunyi, in Kweichow. For the next four months the army was almost constantly moving and the most energetic combat and fighting took place. Through many, many difficulties, across the longest and deepest and most dangerous rivers of China, across some of fierce aborigines, through all these natural barriers, and fighting its way past the local troops of Kwangtung, Hunan, Kwangsi, Kweichow, Yunan,Sikang, Szechuan, Kansu, and shensi, the Red Army at last reached northern Shensi in October, 1935, and enlarged its base in China's great Northwest."
“红军的胜利行军，胜利到达陕、甘，而其有生力量依然完整无损，这首先是由于共产党的正确领导，其次是由于苏维埃人民的基本干部的伟大的才能、勇气、决心以及几乎是超人的吃苦耐劳的革命热情。中国共产党过去、现在、将来都忠于马列主义，并将继续进行斗争反对一起机会主义倾向。它之所以不可战胜，所以一定取得最后胜利，其原因之一就在于这种决心。”
"The victorious march of the Red Army, and its triumphant arrival in Kansu and Shensi with its living forces still intact, was due first to the correct leadership of the Communist Party, and second to the great skill, courage, determination,and almost superhuman endurance and revolutionary ardor of the basic cadres of our soviet people. The Communist Party of China was , is ,and will ever be faithful to Marxism-Leninism , and it will continue its struggles against every opportunist tendency. In this determination lies one explanation of its invincibility and the certainty of its final victory."
长征的统计数字是令人惊讶的，几乎平均每天就有一次遭遇战，发生在路上或某个地方，总共有15个整天用在打大决战上。路上一共368天，有235天用在白天行军上，18天用在夜间行军上。休息的100天——其中有许多天打遭遇战——有56天在四川西北，因此总长5000英里的路上只休息了44天，平均每走114英里休息一次，平均每天行军71华里，即近24英里，一支大军和它的辎重在一个地球最险峻的地带保持这样的平均速度，可说近乎奇迹。
The statistical recapitulation of the Long March is impressive. It shows that there was an average of almost a skirmish a day, somewhere on the line, while altogether fifteen whole days were devoted to major pitched battles. Out of a total of 368 days en route , 235were consumed in marches by day, and 18 in marchees by night. Of the 100 days of halts-----many of which weredevoted to skirmishes------56 days were spent in northwestrn Szechuan, leaving only 44 days of rest over a distance of about 5,000 miles, or an average of one halt for every 114 miles of marching. The daily stage covered was 71 li, or nearly 24 miles------a phenomenal pace for a great army and its transport to average over some of the most hazardous terrain on earth.
红军一共爬过18座山脉，其中5座是终年盖雪的，渡过24条河流，经过12个省份，占领过62座大小城市，突破10个地方军阀军队的包围，此外还打败、躲过或胜过派来追击他们的中央军各部队。他们开进和顺利地穿过6个不同的少数民族地区，有些地方是中国军队几十年没有去过的地方。
According to data furnished to me by Commander Tso Ch'uan, the Reds crossed eighteen mountain ranges, five of which were perennially snow-capped, and they crossed twenty-four rivers. They passed through twelve different provices, occupied sixty-two cities and towns, and broke through enveloping armies of ten different provincial warloards , besides defeating, eluding, or outmaneuvering the various forces of Central Government troops sent against them. They crossed six different aboriginal districts, and penetrated areas through which no Chinese army had gone for scores of years.
在某种意义上，这次大规模的转移是历史上最盛大的武装巡回宣传。红军经过的省份有2亿多人民。在战斗的间隙，他们每占有一个城镇，就召开群众大会，举行戏剧演出，征收富人，解放许多“奴隶”，宣传“自由、平等和民主”，没收“卖国贼（官僚、地主）”的财产，把他们的财物分配给穷人。现在有千百万的农民看到了红军，听到了他们的讲话，不再感到害怕了，红军解释了土地革命的目的，他们的抗日政策，他们武装了千千万万的农民，留下了干部来训练游击队，使南京军队从此疲于奔命。在漫长的艰苦的征途上，有成千上万的人倒下了，可是又另外有成千上万——农民、学徒、奴隶、国民党逃兵、工人、一切赤贫如洗的人民——参加进来充实了行列。
In one sense this mass migration was the biggest armed propaganda tour in history. The Reds passed through provinces populated by more than 200,000,000 people. Between battles and skirmishes, in every town occupied , they called mass meetings, gave theatrical performances, heavily"taxed" the rich, freed many "slaves",preached "liberty, equality, democracy", confiscated the property of the "traitors" and distributed their goods among the poor. Millions of the poor had now seen the Red Army and heard it speak, and were no longer afraid of it. The Reds explained the aims of agrarian revolution and their anti-Janpanese policy. They armed thousands of peasants and left cadres behind to train Red partisans who kept Nanking's troops busy. Many thousands dropped out on the long and heartbreaking march ,but thousands of others------farmers, apprentices, slaves, deserters from the Kuomintang ranks, workers, all the disinherited-------joined in and filled the ranks.
总有一天人们会把这部激动人心的远征史诗全部写下来。
Some day someone will write the full epic of this exciting expedition.
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